Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki modernle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, seyahat ve konaklama sisteminde de \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sebep olmu\u015f tur ve bu de\u011fi\u015fim ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak konaklama yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bi\u00e7imlenmesini de etkilemi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk modern otel \u00f6rnekleri 1840 tarihinden itibaren Galata ve Pera\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra Emin\u00f6n\u00fc, Kad\u0131k\u00f6y, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i, Adalar ve d\u00f6nemin yeni geli\u015fen b\u00f6lgeleri olan \u015ei\u015fli, Ferik\u00f6y ve Ye\u015filk\u00f6y\u2019de hizmet vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Otellerin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesi 1914 tarihinde Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayana kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. Odalar ve birka\u00e7 ortak hacimden meydana gelen basit programl\u0131 otellerin yan\u0131nda, Avrupa\u2019daki gibi l\u00fcks ve geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 oteller de vard\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta geleneksel tarzda ah\u015fap ve kargir sistemde iki ya da \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilen otel yap\u0131lar\u0131, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru<\/p>\n\n\n\n
modern malzeme ve yap\u0131m tekniklerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131yla, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fctleli ve daha y\u00fcksek katl\u0131 in\u015fa edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir cephe d\u00fczeni olmayan otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n cepheleri geleneksel, neo klasik ve karma \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck ve l\u00fcks otellerin Avrupal\u0131 mimar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6rkemli i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f dekorasyonlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Yine bu b\u00fcy\u00fck oteller d\u00f6nemin en geli\u015fmi\u015f teknik donan\u0131m ve teknolojilerini takip etmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptirler. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, \u0130stanbul\u2019un ilk modern otel \u00f6rnekleri kent planlamadaki yeri, mimari \u00f6zellikleri ve korumaturizms\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik y\u00f6nlerinden incelenmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda ticari ve i\u015fletmecilik anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131, sosyoekonomik<\/p>\n\n\n\n
durumlar\u0131, politik \u00f6nemleri a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan da de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki koruma sorunlar\u0131, bozulma durumlar\u0131, bozulmalar\u0131n nedenleri tespit edilmi\u015f ve bu bozulmalara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6neriler geli\u015ftirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yap\u0131lan tespit ve \u00f6neri geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u0130stanbul\u2019da yap\u0131lacak planlama, d\u00fczenleme ve koruma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda faydal\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u0130stanbul\u2019da modern konaklama yap\u0131 tiplerinden otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n konumu, mimari \u00f6zelliklerinin geli\u015fimi, bozulma durumlar\u0131 ile nedenlerinin saptanmas\u0131 ve belgelenmesi ve elde edilen veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mimari miras\u0131m\u0131zda \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan bu yap\u0131lardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fabilenlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcn mimarilerini koruyabilmeleri i\u00e7in ileride yap\u0131lacak planlama ve d\u00fczenleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunabilecek temel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri belirlemek ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tez konusu ile ilgili daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar incelendi\u011finde, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tespite y\u00f6nelik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tek bir otel veya sadece en \u00e7ok bilinen otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ele ald\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Genellikle de ayn\u0131 kaynaklardan al\u0131nt\u0131lar yapt\u0131klar\u0131, ayn\u0131 bilgileri tekrar ettikleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da farkl\u0131 yazarlar ve kaynaklarda hep ayn\u0131 otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkati \u00e7ekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bir\u00e7ok kitap ya da makale olarak bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131n, genellikle ki\u015filerin kendi an\u0131lar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak yaz\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 kitaplar oldu\u011fu ve belgelere dayand\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok hatal\u0131 ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili bilgiler i\u00e7erdikleri tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Belgelere dayand\u0131r\u0131larak yaz\u0131lan kaynaklar\u0131n da sadece bir ya da birka\u00e7 belge \u00fczerinden anlat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da yap\u0131y\u0131 ele ald\u0131klar\u0131 ve otellerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki durumlar\u0131na de\u011finmedikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019un modern anlamdaki ilk otel yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile ilgili g\u00fcvenilir belge ve kaynaklara dayanarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f akademik bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130stanbul\u2019da Modern Anlamda \u0130lk Otellerin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de modern konaklama yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden \u201cotel\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Frans\u0131zca k\u00f6kenli \u201cL\u2019hotel (hotel)\u201d kelimesinden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f olup misafirhane anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Otel kelimesinin Frans\u0131zca k\u00f6kenli olmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nedenleri otel kelimesinin ilk kez Fransa\u2019da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n otelcilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck yapmalar\u0131 ve otelcili\u011fi ilk kez uluslararas\u0131 platforma ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de otelcilikle ilgili terimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Frans\u0131zca k\u00f6kenlidir. Fransa\u2019da otelcili\u011fin kesin olarak hangi tarihte ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmemekle beraber, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
End\u00fcstri Devrimi ile ula\u015f\u0131m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sistemlerindeki teknolojik ke\u015fif ile<\/p>\n\n\n\n
uygulamalar\u0131n ilk kez \u0130ngiltere\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck tur\u201d denilen gezilerin te\u015fvik edilmesiyle \u0130ngilizler, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ula\u015f\u0131m sistemlerinin ve otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesini ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bat\u0131\u2019da 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steren otel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda<\/p>\n\n\n\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 18.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan yak\u0131nla\u015fma, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda sosyal, ekonomik, politik, kentsel, mimari vb pek \u00e7ok alanda<\/p>\n\n\n\n
yeniliklerin meydana gelmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. 1838\u2019de \u0130ngilizlere tan\u0131nan serbest ticaret hakk\u0131, ard\u0131ndan di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ile benzer anla\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 1839\u2019da ilan edilen Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 ile yabanc\u0131 uyruklu \u015fah\u0131slara m\u00fclk edinme hakk\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi AvrupalIlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapmas\u0131na ve kendi mallar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde pazarlamalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.3<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ula\u015f\u0131m sistemlerinin geli\u015fimi, end\u00fcstri devrimi ile artan \u00fcretimin sat\u0131labilece\u011fi pazarlar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, fuarlar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi, diplomatik ili\u015fkilerin artmas\u0131, sava\u015flar, g\u00f6\u00e7ler, dini ziyaretler, eski uygarl\u0131klara ve tarihi yap\u0131lara duyulan merak vb. nedenlerle AvrupalIlar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ilgi duymaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok gezi rehberinde Osmanl\u0131 kentlerinin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u015eekil 1. Hotel d\u2019Angleterre\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan tek belge.8<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00f6zellikle de \u0130stanbul\u2019un tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a yer alm\u0131\u015f ve AvrupalIlar\u0131n, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na seyahatleri \u00f6nemli derecede art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmeler, \u0130stanbul ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131 kentlerinde Avrupal\u0131 ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve standartlar\u0131na uygun konaklama yap\u0131lar\u0131 olan otellerin in\u015fa edilmesini gerekli k\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca etkenler olmu\u015f tur.4<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130stanbul\u2019da hizmet veren ilk otel ve bu otelin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Ali Esad G\u00f6ksel ve Sinan Kuneralp\u2019e g\u00f6re (1981),5 \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk oteller 1830\u2019lu y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Behzat \u00dcsdiken (1992c),6 kaynak g\u00f6stermemekle beraber otel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Galata Pera b\u00f6lgesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ilk olarak 1840 tarihinde Kuledibi\u2019nde \u201cHotel des Quatre Nations\u2019un\u201d a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak bu otelin basit programl\u0131 bir i\u015fletme oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130stanbul\u2019un otel olarak in\u015fa edilen ilk yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da kesin bir bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 1841 tarihinde Levanten James Missirie taraf\u0131ndan Pera\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lan Hotel d\u2019Angleterre\u2019in (\u015eekil 1), Avrupa\u2019daki otellerle e\u015f standartta oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. D\u00f6neme \u00f6zg\u00fc gezi kitaplar\u0131nda ve otelin gazete ilanlar\u0131nda yer alan otel ile ilgili bilgiler, Hotel d\u2019Angleterre\u2019in Avrupa\u2019daki otellerle benzer \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini destekler.7<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00f6nemin gazete ve ticaret y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131ndaki ilanlardan, Hotel d\u2019Angleterre\u2019in ard\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019da g\u00f6steri\u015fli cephe d\u00fczenlerine, i\u00e7 dekorasyonlar\u0131na, Avrupa standartlar\u0131nda konfor ve donan\u0131ma sahip otellerin Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayana kadar arka arkaya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki modernle\u015fme s\u00fcreci, seyahat ve konaklama sisteminde de \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sebep olmu\u015f tur ve bu de\u011fi\u015fim ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak konaklama yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bi\u00e7imlenmesini de etkilemi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul\u2019da ilk modern otel \u00f6rnekleri 1840 tarihinden itibaren Galata ve Pera\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra Emin\u00f6n\u00fc, Kad\u0131k\u00f6y, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i, Adalar ve d\u00f6nemin yeni geli\u015fen b\u00f6lgeleri olan \u015ei\u015fli, Ferik\u00f6y ve Ye\u015filk\u00f6y\u2019de hizmet […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1516,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"zion_builder_status":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1512"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1512"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1512\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1520,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1512\/revisions\/1520"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1512"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1512"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1512"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}