<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130stanbul milad\u0131n 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131ndan beri hakk\u0131yla \u201cmetropolis mundi\u201d konumundad\u0131r. Kentin ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminde\/fizik doku ve mek\u00e2n organizasyonunda Bizans ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. \u0130stanbul iki cihan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birbirine benze\u015fmesi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn renklerini sergilemekle 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 bir caput mundi olarak ya\u015fad\u0131. Ancak 18. ve \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve fizik yap\u0131s\u0131nda temel de\u011fi\u015fmeler g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u0130stanbul, End\u00fcstri \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkileriyle m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmekteydi. Kentin geleneksel yerle\u015fme d\u00fczenindeki de\u011fi\u015fmenin ilk belirtileri 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda meydana gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte \u00fclkenin ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler meydana gelmemekle birlikte, y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n elinde toplanan servetler g\u00f6steri\u015f\u00e7i t\u00fcketimi art\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. Di\u011fer yandan Karadeniz`in ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ellerine ge\u00e7iren armat\u00f6r Fenerli Rumlar ile \u0130stanbul\u2019daki el\u00e7ilik heyetleri 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Beyo\u011flu ve Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nin baz\u0131 k\u00f6ylerinde g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan yeni bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu durumda ger\u00e7ek anlamda olmasa bile birsayfiye ya\u015fam\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131thane`deki eski bostanlar, kas\u0131r ve bah\u00e7elerle s\u00fcslenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bo\u011faz\u2019\u0131n eski m\u00fcnzevi k\u00f6ylerinde birbiri ard\u0131ndan yal\u0131, k\u00f6\u015fk ve bah\u00e7eler kuruluyordu. Yoksul bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 k\u00f6yleri olan Yenik\u00f6y ve Tarabya zengin Rum armat\u00f6rlerin yal\u0131lar\u0131yla s\u00fcslenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131 (Buras\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tam bir banliy\u00f6 haline gelecektir). Bu armat\u00f6rler birka\u00e7 gemi sahibi olup Tuna, Karadeniz ve K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019daki limanlar aras\u0131nda narenciye, odun, tah\u0131l ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00dcnl\u00fc armat\u00f6r ailelerinden biri \u0130psilanti\u2019ydi.\u0130psilanti Yal\u0131s\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yazl\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi oldu. Bo\u011faz\u2019da Kuzguncuk, Beylerbeyi, Ortak\u00f6y, Kandilli gibi semtler benzer yal\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezlerdi. Buralardaki etnik kompozisyon da daha kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ald\u0131. Yani \u0130stanbul 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ger\u00e7ek anlamda banliy\u00f6lere sahip de\u011filse de bu g\u00f6steri\u015f\u00e7i t\u00fcketimin mevsimlik e\u011flence ve sayfiye \u00fcnitelerinin do\u011fu\u015funa neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.Di\u011fer yandan K\u00e2\u011f\u0131thane\u2019de bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t fabrikas\u0131, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede m\u00fchendishaneler (okul), kentin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da modern k\u0131\u015flalar (Selimiye) yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hali\u00e7\u2019te baruthane ve gemi tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu barok \u00e7a\u011f end\u00fcstrisi \u0130stanbul\u2019un do\u011fal \u00e7evre ve eski mimari dokusunu tahrip eden ilk kirlenme olay\u0131d\u0131r. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n as\u0131l olgusu, Anadolu\u2019dan kopup gelen bek\u00e2r erkeklerin ve hatta ailelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck kenti y\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131n doldurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olgu nedeniyle i\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinde bek\u00e2rlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f sefalet yuvalar\u0131, Ey\u00fcp, Kas\u0131mpa\u015fa ve \u00dcsk\u00fcdar`da ise gecekondula\u015fman\u0131n ilk i\u015faretleri do\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Mek\u00e2nsal yap\u0131daki temel de\u011fi\u015fmeler, yani banliy\u00f6lerin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gecekondu ve slum (sefalet mahallesi) b\u00f6lgelerinin do\u011fu\u015fu, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki modernle\u015fmeyle ba\u015flayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130stanbul\u2019un Modernle\u015fmesi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnya \u00f6nceki \u00e7a\u011flara g\u00f6re h\u0131zl\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015f\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu de\u011fi\u015fim Balkanlar ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun metropol\u00fc olan \u0130stanbul`da da kendini g\u00f6sterdi. Bin y\u0131ld\u0131r d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezlerinden biri olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u0130stanbul \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fme ge\u00e7irmemi\u015fti. \u015eimdi ise metropol \u0130stanbul, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fa ayak uydurmaktad\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fimi kentin kurumlar\u0131nda, artan n\u00fcfus ve b\u00fcy\u00fcyen y\u00fcz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnde, hepsinden \u00f6nce yeniden bi\u00e7imlenen fiziksel yap\u0131s\u0131nda izlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u0130\u00e7timai gerileme kadar bir R\u00f6nesans da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fmeyi kentin mek\u00e2n d\u00fczenini etkileyen \u015fu \u00f6\u011felerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz: a)Gecekondula\u015fma b)Banliy\u00f6lerin do\u011fu\u015fu c)Daha \u00f6nce kentle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmemi\u015f semtlerin kent merkeziyle organik bir b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeye gitmesi -ki bunda kent i\u00e7i ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n modernle\u015fmesi de b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130stanbul milad\u0131n 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131ndan beri hakk\u0131yla \u201cmetropolis mundi\u201d konumundad\u0131r. Kentin ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminde\/fizik doku ve mek\u00e2n organizasyonunda Bizans ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. \u0130stanbul iki cihan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n birbirine benze\u015fmesi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn renklerini sergilemekle 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 bir caput mundi olarak ya\u015fad\u0131. Ancak 18. ve \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve fizik yap\u0131s\u0131nda temel de\u011fi\u015fmeler […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1465,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"zion_builder_status":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1458"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1458"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1458\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1466,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1458\/revisions\/1466"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1458"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1458"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.tarihcevresi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1458"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}